2024. Asian Politics & Policy 16 (1): 113–129. This article contributes a new layer to the existing analyses of Duterte’s foreign policy by arguing that he epitomized a transactionalist approach to Philippine foreign policy. This approach favored bilateral to multilateral relations, focused on short-term wins rather than long-term foresight, adhered to a zero-sum worldview, rejected…
Duterte’s Transactionalist Foreign Policy and the COVID-19 Crisis in the Philippines